Researchers have discovered that over a million people worldwide diagnosed with TB go on to develop an incurable but manageable fungal infection which is usually left untreated because it is mistaken for a recurrence of the disease.

In a new report, the teams from Manchester and Toronto say that because the X-ray features and symptoms are so similar, doctors often misdiagnose and prescribe the wrong treatment, which can lead to tens of thousands of unnecessary deaths.

The fungal infection responsible, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), evades the immune system in the lungs progressing slowly and may lie undetected for years until symptoms (weight loss, tiredness, coughing and bleeding) start to develop. By then it is often too late to treat successfully.

50 per cent of all patients who develop it are unlikely to survive for more than five years, a similar outlook to many cancers.

Now, the report’s authors are calling on the World Health Organisation and others to provide awareness training, particularly for medics in Africa, India and China where under diagnosis of CPA is even more common than in Western countries because of the burden of TB.

The team was led by Professor David Denning, Director of UHSM's National Aspergillosis Centre. He says the report highlights huge global variations in frequency and survival.  “For example, only 17 per cent of referred CPA patients in Manchester had underlying TB compared with 93 per cent in Korea. This variation reflects differences in diagnosis and inappropriate therapy – or none at all. Identifying CPA early in patients is only possible by means of microbiological testing for Aspergillus antibodies.”

Professor Donald Cole, Associate Professor & Interim Division Head of Global Health at the University of Toronto’s Dalla Lana School of Public Health is an expert in environmental and public health. He believes doctors have probably underestimated the worldwide burden of CPA. “We based our estimates on WHO data but the information is robust in some countries but not others. Under reporting is common, especially in countries such as China.”

Professor Ian Jacobs is Director of MAHSC – a partnership between the NHS in Manchester and the University of Manchester - which has recently included global health as a focus for its work. He is backing the call for WHO and the leaders of countries in Asia and Africa to take action.